Dr Smith has worked as a research scientist investigating novel marine extracts with involvement in crop and food research. Dr Smith studied as a post-doctoral researcher at the CNRS Roscoff, France. As well, she has published several research papers in peer-reviewed journals, written numerous IP-protected/confidential reports, and presented at more than 20 international conferences. She is also a reviewer for several academic journals (Functional Plant Biology, Enzyme and Microbial Technology). Dr Smith’s areas of professional expertise for editing are biochemistry and biology, especially of plants, phycology (marine plants), fisheries science, and marine biology, and food and food technology. Dr Smith began working with Edanz Editing in 2007 and now works full time as a science copyeditor.

Dr Knapp’s scientific background is in medicine cellular biology with particular emphasis on the analysis on pediatrics. Her PhD research focused on the role of various hormones in the growth-retarded fetus. From 2000 to 2003, Dr Knapp was awarded an American Heart Association, Florida Affiliate, Post-doctoral Fellowship. Dr Knapp has excellent writing skills and is a widely experienced editor of non-native English-speaking authored papers. Dr Knapp is presently a lecturer and Research Fellow in the Department of Physiology, Auckland University, New Zealand. She is currently carrying out research on the mechanisms of fetal cardiovascular and cerebrovascular adaptation to asphyxia as well as investigating treatment options for perinatal asphyxia. Dr Knapp has been an editor for Edanz Editing since 2003.

Dr Kondejewski’s scientific background is in physiology, endocrinology, molecular biology, obstetrics, gynecology, and perinatology. She has a special interest in the genotypes and phenotypes associated with preterm labor and pregnancy pathologies. Dr Kondejewski has research skills including DNA/RNA isolation and manipulation, DNA sequencing and analysis, PCR, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), cell culture, in situ hybridization, immunohistochemistry, and electron microscopy. Dr Kondejewski has published over 30 peer-reviewed articles, book chapters, and abstracts. She presently works as a grant writer and manuscript coordinator for publishing in high-impact journals. Dr Kondejewski began working as an editor for the Edanz Group in 2010.

Dr Clements has published 9 reports as first author in international peer-reviewed journals, such as Behavioral Neuroscience, General and Comparative Endocrinology, and Hormones and Behavior. He has written numerous professional reports and made over 25 presentations at congresses. Dr Clements has also undertaken crustacean research and established telemetry arrays and associated software. Some of his research techniques and skills involve steroid radio-immunoassay, plasma lactate and glucose and ion determination, histology, and mRNA/DNA extraction and purification. Dr Clements began editing for Edanz Editing in 2007 in areas associated with the biological sciences, especially the fisheries fields.

Dr Hodgson, an internationally renowned scientist and educator, is a Professor of Zoology lecturing in invertebrate biology, cell structure and function, animal reproduction, environmental physiology, marine biology and introductory microscopy. His interests are in reproductive biology, particularly in developmental processes in gametogenesis of invertebrates, structure and function of spermatozoa, comparative sperm structure and its application in taxonomy and evolutionary biology, reproductive biology/ecology of mollusks, and the physiology of spermatozoa. As well, estuarine biology, and the management of estuarine and intertidal resources, are fields in which Dr Hodgson carries out research. Dr Hodgson has published extensively, with 109 publications in peer evaluated scientific journals, a book and chapters in five other books. He is a peer reviewer for 21 international journals associated with marine biology. He is a member of numerous professional societies, including the Malacological Society of London, International Society of Invertebrate Reproduction, Unitas Malacologica, Microscopy Society of Southern Africa, Zoological Society of Southern Africa, Royal Society of South Africa, Californian Malacological Society, American Microscopical Society, and Marine Biological Association of Plymouth.

Dr Horsburgh has a broad background in medicine and the biological sciences. After completing her medical degree in Auckland, New Zealand, she worked as a general practitioner and student health doctor with particular interest in Pediatrics, Adolescent Medicine and Women's Health. In 1993 Dr Horsburgh moved to Beijing, China, where she continued to practice medicine part-time and also worked as a medical writer and editor. In 1998 she moved to Singapore where she continued to work in the field of medical communications. Her work included producing conference and symposium reports and writing review articles for a range of medical publications. After travelling to Antarctica, Dr Horsburgh returned to Australia to study Antarctic Science in 2004. Her research focused on the impacts of changing sea-ice and oceanographic conditions on marine predators. Dr Horsburgh has used satellite trackers and remote sensing technology to monitor the foraging success of southern elephant seals and developed an index to identify prey encounters from dive data. The results of her research have been published in international peer-reviewed journals. Dr Horsburgh joined the Edanz group as an editor in 2011.

Dr Patel is a neuroscientist interested in central nervous system degeneration and mental illness. For his doctoral thesis he developed a mouse gene-knockout model for the human neurological disorder aceruloplasminemia. Subsequently, as a research fellow at the Department of Cell Biology at Harvard Medical School he studied the molecular signaling cascades involved in nerve cell migration. Dr Patel has recently focused his research on the molecular genetics of psychiatric illness as an associate at the Douglas Mental Health Institute in Montreal. His studies center on microRNA signaling networks involved in major depression and suicide. Dr Patel has published a number of first-author articles in high-impact journals, including The Journal of Biological Chemistry and The Journal of Neuroscience. He began editing for the Edanz Group in 2011.

Dr Watts is an atmospheric biogeochemist who has taught Atmospheric Chemistry, Meteorology, Climatology and Policy in both the UK and New Zealand. He has spent over 20 years working in the area of air quality and its affect on health, historic artifacts and climate. He is a referee for several major journals including Atmospheric Environment, and has been a member of both UK and EU government and inter-government working groups and technical committees on air quality and its measurement. Dr Watts, a frequent invited speaker at congresses, has published over 30 peer reviewed papers, has patents (including Japanese patents), and has authored textbooks. He works closely with a network of colleagues in Japan, China and Thailand, and began working as an editor with the Edanz Group in 2010.

Dr Taylor has been a lecturer in zoology, comparative physiology, and cell biology at the University of Canterbury, New Zealand, since 1972. His interests span all physiological systems across a variety of taxa, including fish, crustaceans, mollusks, insects and spiders. Research themes include: Gas exchange and oxygen transport; morphology and hemodynamics of gills and circulatory systems; osmoregulation, acid-base balance and excretion; adaptation to marine, freshwater and terrestrial environments; the physiology of eggs and embryos and fertilization; stress associated with fishing, aquaculture and live transport; and eco-toxicity of heavy metals. Dr Taylor is experienced in a range of instrumentation and analyses including: microscopy (DIC, fluorescence, TEM, SEM, X-ray microprobe); corrosion casting; respirometry; blood gas and acid-base status; osmotic, ionic, and metabolite concentrations of body fluids and waters; atomic absorption spectroscopy; radioactive tracers, viscometry; blood pressure and flow (pulsed Doppler); heart and ventilation rates; and electrophysiology. Dr Taylor’s research group has published numerous articles in the principal international journals of his field. He has served on the advisory board of journals and book series, is a reviewer for about 20 international journals, and is a member of several national and international scientific societies. Dr Taylor began working as an editor with the Edanz Group in 2008.

Dr Slaughter has broad academic and research interests within the field of water resources. He has investigated the biogeographical distribution of phytoplankton in the Southern Ocean, and has extensive experience running acute and chronic ecotoxicity tests on fresh water macroinvertebrates. Dr Slaughter’s PhD work involved the development of new statistical and mechanistic water quality models to link flow to water quality in South African rivers. He is currently a post-doctoral fellow developing climate change adaptation tools for water boards in South Africa. Dr Slaughter has utilized downscaled Global Circulation Model rainfall and evaporation data for use in hydrology and water quality models. His publications are within the fields of chronic toxicity testing, water quality guidelines, acute – chronic extrapolation techniques, and modeling climate change scenarios for water resources. Dr Slaughter began as an editor for Edanz Group in 2011, and works in fields related to water resource science.

Dr Noyes obtained both her BS in Zoology and her Doctorate of Veterinary Medicine from Michigan State University, and is currently an internship-trained small animal practitioner. She has research experience in animal behavior, farm animal welfare science and the human-animal bond. Dr Noyes received additional training in zoological medicine at several major US zoos. She has published in journals such as the Journal of Herpetological Medicine and Surgery and the Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association. She is a member of the AVMA Committee on the Human-Animal Bond. Dr Noyes began working as an editor with the Edanz Group in 2010

Dr Davy’s PhD thesis was entitled “Characterisation of White Patch Syndrome, a putative disease affecting corals in the genus Porites on the Great Barrier Reef”. She has extensive experience of the ecology of coral reefs, including bleaching and coral disease. Her expertise also extends to the areas of marine virology, marine conservation, rocky shore ecology, and areas of applied marine science, including fish stock assessment and coastal defenses. In molecular fields, Dr Davy has undertaken primer design and sequence analysis, DNA extraction, fluorescent in situ hybridization and various types of gel electrophoresis, including DGGE, PFGE and SSCP, histopathology, transmission electron microscopy and confocal microscopy. Dr Davy has published 12 papers in peer-reviewed journals and presented at several national and international conferences. Dr Davy has also completed an MA in Creative Writing and had a non-fiction book published by Random House New Zealand in 2011. Dr Davy is presently a freelance writer and editor, and scientific consultant. She began working with the Edanz Group as an editor in 2011.

Dr Walmsley recently completed her PhD in Molecular Marine Microbiology and Natural Product Chemistry. Her research, entitled “Investigating the link between microbial diversity and secondary metabolite production in endemic South African marine sponges of the genus Tsitsikamma” instigated the establishment of an environmental genomics project at Rhodes University. Dr Walmsley has extensive experience in molecular microbiology and natural product chemistry, including techniques such as cloning, Sanger sequencing, 454 pyrosequencing, phylogenetics, genetic identification, isolation of pure cultures, fermentation, natural product isolation and identification, nuclear magnetic resonance, denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis, sequence analysis and interpretation, polymerase chain reaction, DNA isolation, scanning electron microscopy, high pressure liquid chromatography, large scale column chromatography, media preparation and sterile techniques. Dr Walmsley joined the Edanz Group as an editor in 2011.

Dr Kelly’s academic interests are in biological sciences and the philosophy of science. His work is focused on understanding, classifying and conserving biological diversity. Dr Kelly’s particular research specialty is the evolution and biogeography of snakes. After undergraduate study at Rhodes University in South Africa he was awarded a Rhodes Scholarship to Oxford University, where he obtained a DPhil in molecular systematics of 'advanced' snakes. His subsequent postdoctoral work has investigated the phylogenetics, phylogeography and taxonomy of several groups of African snakes, incorporating extensive molecular genetic laboratory work, analytical computation, and field surveys. His research has been internationally acclaimed through receipt of the Joseph B. Slowinski Award for excellence in snake systematics (2010), after one of his publications was selected as the best snake systematics paper to be published globally in 2009. Dr Kelly is an experienced lecturer in the biological sciences, and is a reviewer for many international journals. He joined the Edanz Group as an editor in 2012.

Dr Wicks’ PhD thesis was entitled “Persistence of corals in marginal habitats: the role of the environment, and symbiont diversity and ecophysiology”. Dr Wicks is presently a post-doctoral research fellow in the areas of physiology, climate change and marine biology. Her research focuses on the impact of environmental variability on the functional ecology and physiology of marine ecosystems, including cold-water corals. Dr Wicks has extensive experience of coral reef ecology and biology, including cell biology, photosynthesis, symbiosis and biodiversity. Additionally, she has expertise in the fields of oceanography, climate change science, marine conservation, and rocky shore ecology. In molecular fields, she has undertaken sequence analysis, DNA extraction and various types of gel electrophoresis, including DGGE. She also has a working knowledge of chlorophyll fluorescence techniques, multivariate statistics and GIS. Dr Wicks has published five peer-reviewed papers, including an extensive review on the effect of ocean acidification on marine ecosystems. She has several years’ experience successfully completing grant applications and presenting at international scientific meetings. She is also a reviewer for several well-respected journals. Dr Wicks joined the Edanz Group as an editor in 2012.

Dr Steen’s experience is related to anything to do with the brain; from human behavior to molecular biology and everything in between. He has done brain imaging research, using MRI to study pediatric stroke (particularly hematologic and genetic risk factors for stroke). Dr Steen has held Associate Professor positions in Psychiatry, as well as in Radiology, Pediatrics, and Biomedical Engineering. He has published 80 papers in refereed scientific literature, as well as 6 books and many book chapters. His specialties are brain imaging and clinical neurology, but Dr Steen has also written in the fields of epidemiology, genetics, exercise physiology, psychology, allergy, cardiology, sleep medicine, pulmonology, orthopedics, research ethics, and even invertebrate zoology. Dr Steen joined the Edanz Group as a writer and editor in 2010.

Dr Hanton undertook post-doctoral research in intertidal ecology including the spatial and temporal dynamics of intertidal and coastal species. She has a strong academic background and skills in database management, having maintained, compiled and developed bibliographic databases with a focus on aquatic biology, water science and technology, African natural and cultural history, and ornithology. She currently teaches in the fields of mathematics, biology, and computer studies. Dr Hanton has published extensively and began editing for Edanz Editing in 2007, editing in a variety of areas.

Dr O'Sullivan has been an active researcher in the field of aquaculture, as well as being involved practically in the development of several aquaculture industries in both Ireland and Australia. Widely published in his field, Dr O’Sullivan is now a full-time copyeditor. From 1994 to 2000 undertaking English correction of journals and book editing for Elsevier Science BV (Amsterdam), Dr O’Sullivan worked in the fields of science and medicine. Dr O’Sullivan has also copyedited for Taylor & Francis, Oxford. Dr O’Sullivan began working with Edanz Editing in 2006.

Dr Weller is an ecologist with special interest in wildlife monitoring methodologies, agricultural ecosystems and sustainability, and biodiversity. His research has involved work on distance sampling analysis, the monitoring and modeling of bird population dynamics, wildlife survey planning, stream ecology, and human influences on aquatic ecosystems. He has published articles in peer-reviewed journals (three as first author) on the modeling of predator-prey interactions, the role and management of farmland biodiversity, and the theory and practice of distance sampling surveys. Dr Weller joined the Edanz group as an editor in 2011.

Dr Toni Atkinson is a research scientist specializing in mycology. Dr Atkinson’s long-standing interest in writing is evidenced by her initial degree in anthropology and English literature. Her mycological focus is ascomycete microfungi, and their taxonomic and methodological challenges. She enjoys finding new species in wild natural landscapes in New Zealand. Dr Atkinson also worked with hyphomycete specialists in Ottawa, Canada, in 2009. She has presented at two international conferences and at several North American venues. Her special interests include interrelationships between organisms, biospheric energy cycles, and implications for sustainable living. Dr Atkinson joined the Edanz Group as an editor in 2010.

Carla Avolio is a science communicator and biologist with a particular interest in the fields of evolution and behavioral ecology. Her original studies focused on the evolution of sexual dimorphism in sea snakes. She has since published research on projects such as kin recognition in zebra fish, at Woods Hole Marine Biology Laboratory, and group dynamics in a tropical fish from the Great Barrier Reef. She has also held science communication positions at the Powerhouse Museum and the University of Sydney, both in Australia. Ms Avolio has extensive experience in writing and copyediting, and after moving to Osaka, Japan, joined the Edanz Group as an editor in 2012.

Ms Powell is a marine biology PhD candidate at Victoria University of Wellington in New Zealand. Her research aims to determine the key drivers of sponge distribution patterns on Indo-Pacific coral reefs. Before moving to New Zealand she worked at the International Union for the Conservation of Nature (IUCN) in Switzerland as a Junior Professional Associate on the Species Programme. Ms Powell has considerable research experience in the fields of ecology, biology and environmental management. Her MSc research at Oxford University focused on emerging forms of protected area governance in Sumatra. Ms Powell has extensive experience in science communication and the editing of journal articles, book chapters and reports. She joined the Edanz Group as an editor in 2011.

Mr Forster worked as a research assistant at the Max Planck Institute for Immunogenetics in Tübingen, Germany, before leaving to work as a freelance translator and copy editor of medical books and journals, primarily for Springer Verlag. He became an in-house editor with Springer in Heidelberg before moving to Tokyo to work in Springer's Tokyo office. For the past 20 years, Stephen has worked mostly in journalism and as a freelance writer and editor for such journal publishers. Mr Forster joined the Edanz Group as an editor in 2010.

Emily Morris has studied at UC Davis, the Hawaii Institute of Marine Biology, the Bermuda Institute of Ocean Science and Humboldt State University. Her research has focused on the molecular diversity and physiology of coral reefs and their symbiotic dinoflagellates. She has a broad background in oceanography and the life sciences and successfully published her master's research in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA. Ms. Morris joined the Edanz Group as an editor in 2011.

Ms O'Connor’s PhD thesis entitled “Consequences of primary cilia ablation in the developing limb and epidermis” will be submitted in early 2012. She is also a graduate of the 2010 Embryology course at the Marine Biological Laboratory in Woods Hole, MA. Ms O’Connor is presently researching in fields related to hedgehog signaling, limb and bone development, and primary cilia. She has experience in mouse breeding, genetics, histology, transgenic and knock-in model generation, development, and embryology. In vitro techniques Ms O'Connor is skilled in are primary cell culture, qRT PCR, western blotting, confocal imaging, and in situ hybridization. She has extensive training in embryology and development, as well as an understanding of the complex signaling pathways involved in pattern formation, cell fate determination, and specification. Ms O'Connor has published a methods chapter on the generation of mouse models, and has 3 peer-reviewed publications. She is a regular attendee and presenter at the American Society for Cell Biology annual meeting. Ms O'Connor began as an editor with the Edanz Group in 2011.

Ms Doherty's background is in aquatic ecology focusing on marine invasive species. Ms Doherty is presently the recipient of a Victoria University, New Zealand, doctoral scholarship for research focused on the ecology of invasive mussels in both Ireland and New Zealand. Ms Doherty is skilled in DNA extraction, PCR, electrophoresis, gene sequencing, histology, image analysis and various other laboratory techniques. She has published in 3 peer-reviewed scientific journals and has an in-depth knowledge of marine and freshwater ecology, particularly in the areas of bioinvasion, speciation, hybridization and evolution. Ms Doherty joined the Edanz Group as an editor in 2011.

Mr Kamen’s original research was into the presence of freshwater archaea in New York State Lakes using PCR and DNA sequencing. He conducted fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) as part of his Master’s thesis. He also analyzed water samples for Chl A, Nitrogen, Phosphorous and TOC according to the APHA Standard Methods. Mr Kamen has also worked on environmental assessments of soil and groundwater contamination and the monitoring of chemicals in waterways. Mr Kamen gained over five years of experience as a senior microbiology analyst in New York using traditional microbiology techniques as well as GC, real time-PCR, and fluorescence microscopy various microbiological and biochemical techniques as well as the MIDI system. He was also in charge of all Legionella analysis, which was conducted in accordance with CDC guidelines. He has worked as a science editor for non-native authored manuscripts since 2006. Mr Kamen began as an editor with Edanz Editing and Liwen Bianji (Edanz Editing China) in 2008.

Ms Collins' academic background is in marine ecology, but draws from several disciplines including economics, theoretical ecology, and marine policy. She was one of the first at McGill University to graduate with the dual-degree of Bachelor's of Arts and Science, focusing on marine ecology and fisheries economics. Ms Collins’ master's thesis, currently underway, explores the relationship between aquaculture development and environmental outcomes such as benthic habitat and water quality in New Zealand. She has also worked as a professional editor for the Sustainable Future Institute think tank in Wellington, NZ. Ms Collins began editing for the Edanz Group in 2011.

Dr Alfaro is a marine biologist with special interests in invertebrate ecology and aquaculture. Her research is inter-disciplinary (i.e., chemistry, physiology, microbiology, genetics, geology, statistics), and aims to elucidate the complex interactions among organisms and their environments. Current projects include the ecology and cultivation of mussels, and estuarine community ecology (i.e., food web dynamics). She is skilled in the design and implementation of field and laboratory experiments that incorporate tools and approaches from a variety of fields. Dr Alfaro is a Senior Lecturer at the Auckland University of Technology, New Zealand. Dr Alfaro began working as an editor for Edanz Editing in 2008.

Mr Grove has worked as a research scientist with the University of Otago (New Zealand) and the University of Western Australia, focusing on marine benthic ecology, marine environmental impact assessment, marine invertebrate taxonomy and underwater habitat mapping. He has had several reports published in peer-reviewed journals, particularly those relating to the multivariate statistical analysis of marine communities. He also has experience with the application of video technology for underwater research and a background in physiology and human health science. Mr Grove began working with the Edanz Group in 2008.

Dr Webster’s research has elucidated the biochemical and physiological mechanisms controlling the uptake and assimilation of free amino acids and the influence of Na+ and K+ ion gradients on these mechanisms. Since 1993, Dr Webster has been a Biomedical Indexer for Crossaig/Thomson and Derwent/Thomson Scientific. This work has included the therapeutic use of drugs, details of dosages and frequency of administration, drug comparisons and combinations, drug pharmacology and pharmacokinetic parameters, adverse effects/toxicity and treatment outcome. Dr Webster began working with Edanz Editing in 2006, editing in the fields of biological and environmental sciences.

Ms Korndoerfer's academic training is diverse. As well as studies in the health and environmental sciences, she also has experience in the fields of nutrition, urban planning, physical and human geography, and ecology. For her Master’s thesis she investigated the natural resource dependence of a rural Nigerian village, using a combination of social sciences, ecological, and remote sensing techniques. Ms Korndoerfer began working with the Edanz Group in early 2009.